The Role Of Diplomatic Relations Between Germany And Turkey

However, many historians have debated not only Germany’s role in the severity of Armenian persecution and their motives in involving themselves in the Armenian situation and the, but also their rationale behind forming a relationship with the Ottoman Empire that began in the 1890s. In March of 2007, Dr. Margaret Lavinia Anderson, a Professor Emerita of History at the University of California, Berkeley, published an article in The Journal of Modern History, entitled â€Å"‘Down in Turkey, far away’: Human Rights, the Armenian Massacres, and Orientalism in Wilhelmine Germany.† In this article, Anderson examines the development of diplomatic relations between Germany and Turkey and, more specifically, why Germany became interested in the â€Å"Near East,† their motives, and, later, their alliance. She argues that Germany was mainly focused on developing a strong, influential relationship with the Ottoman Empire during the Wilhelmine era. An alliance wit h the Turks would be a joint-cooperative effort to strengthen and modernize the failing Ottoman military and ensure safe passage into neighboring British colonies for the Germans, still trying to extend their influence beyond the Ottoman Empire eastward. The Germans sought to accomplish this and create a strong coalition by adopting a compliant attitude towards Armenian persecution and reiterating the Turkish rhetoric and belief that the Armenians were getting what they deserved. Anderson asserts that, in the age of Imperialism andShow MoreRelatedThe U. S. And Turkey1295 Words   |  6 Pages Consequences the 2016 Coup brought to The U.S. and Turkey Historically, relations between the United States and Turkey were formed through mutual respect and interest. 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What Is the History of Easter Free Essays

If Easter is a holiday that was created because of Jesus, then where did all the eggs and bunnies come from? Well, as I have said many, many times before, Christianity is based on much older religious texts. (Many of which were destroyed to keep the origins of Christianity a secret. Hence why they’ve burned so many libraries throughout history) If you want to know the long, drawn out history of Easter, then I shall share it below. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is the History of Easter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Easter History : Christian and Pagan Traditions Interwoven The history of Easter reveals rich associations between the Christian faith and the seemingly unrelated practices of the early pagan religions. Easter history and traditions that we practice today evolved from pagan symbols, from the ancient goddess Ishtar to Easter eggs and the Easter bunny. Easter, perhaps the most important of the Christian holidays, celebrates the Christ’s resurrection from the dead following his death on Good Friday. . . a rebirth that is commemorated around the vernal equinox, historically a time of pagan celebration that coincides with the arrival of spring and symbolizes the arrival of light and the awakening of life around us. Ostara, Goddess of Spring and the Dawn (Oestre / Eastre) Easter is named for a Saxon goddess who was known by the names of Oestre or Eastre, and in Germany by the name of Ostara. She is a goddess of the dawn and the spring, and her name derives from words for dawn, the shining light arising from the east. Our words for the â€Å"female hormone† estrogen derives from her name. Ostara was, of course, a fertility goddess. Bringing in the end of winter, with the days brighter and growing longer after the vernal equinox, Ostara had a passion for new life. Her presence was felt in the flowering of plants and the birth of babies, both animal and human. The rabbit (well known for its propensity for rapid reproduction) was her sacred animal. Easter eggs and the Easter Bunny both featured in the spring festivals of Ostara, which were initially held during the feasts of the goddess Ishtar | Inanna. Eggs are an obvious symbol of fertility, and the newborn chicks an adorable representation of new growth. Brightly colored eggs, chicks, and bunnies were all used at festival time to express appreciation for Ostara’s gift of abundance. History of Easter Eggs and Easter Candy The history of Easter Eggs as a symbol of new life should come as no surprise. The notion that the Earth itself was hatched from an egg was once widespread and appears in creation stories ranging from Asian to Ireland. Eggs, in ancient times in Northern Europe, were a potent symbol of fertility and often used in rituals to guarantee a woman’s ability to bear children. To this day rural â€Å"grannywomen† (lay midwives/healers in the Appalachian mountains) still use eggs to predict, with uncanny accuracy, the sex of an unborn child by watching the rotation of an egg as it is suspended by a string over the abdomen of a pregnant woman. Dyed eggs are given as gifts in many cultures. Decorated eggs bring with them a wish for the prosperity of the abundance during the coming year. Folklore suggests that Easter egg hunts arose in Europe during â€Å"the Burning Times†, when the rise of Christianity led to the shunning (and persecution) of the followers of the â€Å"Old Religion†. Instead of giving the eggs as gifts the adults made a game of hiding them, gathering the children together and encouraging them to find the eggs. Some believe that the authorities seeking to find the â€Å"heathens† would follow or bribe the children to reveal where they found the eggs so that the property owner could be brought to justice. Green Eggs . . . . . . and Ham The meat that is traditionally associated with Easter is ham. Though some might argue that ham is served at Easter since it is a â€Å"Christian† meat, (prohibited for others by the religious laws of Judaism and Islam) the origin probably lies in the early practices of the pagans of Northern Europe. Having slaughtered and preserved the meat of their agricultural animals during the Blood Moon celebrations the previous autumn so they would have food throughout the winter months, they would celebrate the occasion by using up the last of the remaining cured meats. In anticipation that the arrival of spring with its emerging plants and wildlife would provide them with fresh food in abundance, it was customary for many pagans to begin fasting at the time of the vernal equinox, clearing the â€Å"poisons† (and excess weight) produced by the heavier winter meals that had been stored in their bodies over the winter. Some have suggested that the purpose of this fasting may have been to create a sought-after state of â€Å"altered consciousness† in time for the spring festivals. One cannot but wonder if this practice of fasting might have been a forerunner of â€Å"giving up† foods during the Lenten season. Chocolate Easter bunnies and eggs, marshmallow chicks in pastel colors, and candy of all sorts, most of which are given out as personalized gifts during Easter . . . these have pagan origins as well! To understand their association with religion we need to examine the meaning of food as a symbol. The ancient belief that, by eating something we take on its characteristics formed the basis for the earliest â€Å"blessings† before meals (a way to honor the life that had been sacrificed so that we as humans could enjoy life) and, presumably, for the more recent Christian sacrament of communion as well. Shaping candy Easter eggs and bunnies to celebrate the spring festival was, simply put, a way to celebrate the symbols of the goddess and the season, while laying claim to their strengths (vitality, growth, and fertility) for ourselves. The Goddess Ostara and the Easter Bunny Feeling guilty about arriving late one spring, the Goddess Ostara saved the life of a poor bird whose wings had been frozen by the snow. She made him her pet or, as some versions have it, her lover. Filled with compassion for him since he could no longer fly (in some versions, it was because she wished to amuse a group of young children), Ostara turned him into a snow hare and gave him the gift of being able to run with incredible speed so he could protect himself from hunters. In remembrance of his earlier form as a bird, she also gave him the ability to lay eggs (in all the colors of the rainbow, no less), but only on one day out of each year. Eventually the hare managed to anger the goddess Ostara, and she cast him into the skies where he would remain as the constellation Lepus (The Hare) forever positioned under the feet of the constellation Orion (the Hunter). He was allowed to return to earth once each year, but only to give away his eggs to the children attending the Ostara festivals that were held each spring. The tradition of the Easter Bunny had begun. The Hare was sacred in many ancient traditions and was associated with the moon goddesses and the various deities of the hunt. In ancient times eating the Hare was prohibited except at Beltane (Celts) and the festival of Ostara (Anglo-Saxons), when a ritual hare-hunt would take place. In many cultures rabbits, like eggs, were considered to be potent remedies for fertility problems. The ancient philosopher-physician Pliny the Elder prescribed rabbit meat as a cure for female sterility, and in some cultures the genitals of a hare were carried to avert barrenness. Medieval Christians considered the hare to bring bad fortune, saying witches changed into rabbits in order to suck the cows dry. It was claimed that a witch could only be killed by a silver crucifix or a bullet when she appeared as a hare. Given their â€Å"mad† leaping and boxing displays during mating season as well as their ability to produce up to 42 offspring each spring, it is understandable that they came to represent lust, sexuality, and excess in general. Medieval Christians considered the hare to be an evil omen, believing that witches changed into rabbits in order to suck the cows dry. It was claimed that a witch could only be killed by a silver crucifix or a bullet when she appeared as a hare. In later Christian tradition the white Hare, when depicted at the Virgin Mary’s feet, represents triumph over lust or the flesh. The rabbit’s vigilance and speed came to represent the need to flee from sin and temptation and a reminder of the swift passage of life. And, finally, there is a sweet Christian legend about a young rabbit who, for three days, waited anxiously for his friend, Jesus, to return to the Garden of Gethsemane, not knowing what had become of him. Early on Easter morning, Jesus returned to His favorite garden and was welcomed the little rabbit. That evening when the disciples came into the garden to pray, still unaware of the resurrection, they found a clump of beautiful larkspurs, each blossom bearing the image of a rabbit in its center as a remembrance of the little creature’s hope and faith. Ishtar, Goddess of Love, and the First Resurrection (also known as Inanna) Ishtar, goddess of romance, procreation, and war in ancient Babylon, was also worshipped as the Sumerian goddess Inanna. One of the great goddesses, or â€Å"mother goddesses†, the stories of her descent to the Underworld and the resurrection that follows are contained in the oldest writings that have ever been discovered. . . the Babylonian creation myth Enuma Elish and the story of Gilgamesh. Scholars believed that they were based on the oral mythology of the region and were recorded about 2,100 B. C. E. The most famous of the myths of Ishtar tell of her descent into the realm of the dead to rescue her young lover, Tammuz, a Vegetation god forced to live half the year in the Underworld. Ishtar approached the gates of the Underworld, which was ruled by her twin sister Eresh-kigel, the goddess of death and infertility. She was refused admission. Similar to the Greek myths of Demeter and Persephone that came later, during Ishtar’s absence the earth grew barren since all acts of procreation ceased while she was away. Ishtar screamed and ranted that she would break down the gates and release all of the dead to overwhelm the world and compete with the living for the remaining food unless she was allowed to enter and plead her case with her twin. Needless to say, she won admission. But the guard, following standard protocol, refused to let her pass through the first gate unless she removed her crown. At the next gate, she had to remove her earrings, then her necklace at the next, removing her garments and proud finery until she stood humbled and naked after passing through the seventh (and last) gate. In one version, she was held captive and died but was brought back to life when her servant sprinkled her with the â€Å"water of life†. In the more widely known version of the myth, Ishtar’s request was granted and she regained all of her attire and possessions as she slowly re-emerged through the gates of darkness. Upon her return, Tammuz and the earth returned to life. Annual celebrations of this â€Å"Day of Joy†, were held each year around the time of the vernal equinox. These celebrations became the forerunners of the Ostara festivals that welcomed Oestre and the arrival of spring. A section on the Goddess Inanna (the Sumerian version of the Goddess Ishtar), her myths and symbols, is included with the myths of the goddesses at this website. Easter eggs, the Easter Bunny, the dawn that arrives with resurrection of life, and the celebration of spring all serve to remind us of the cycle of rebirth and the need for renewal in our lives. In the history of Easter, Christian and pagan traditions are gracefully interwoven. How to cite What Is the History of Easter, Papers

Conscience in The Crucible Essay Example For Students

Conscience in The Crucible Essay Conscience is the awareness of right and wrong. In the Crucible, the idea of conscience in strongly emphasized. Miller himself said,No critic seemed to sense what I was after which was the conflict between a mans raw deeds and his conception of himself; the question of whether conscience is in fact an organic part of the human being, and what happens when it is handed over not merely to the state or the mores of the time but to ones friend or wife.The idea of conscience in the play The Crucible is based very much on Christian concepts, firstly the idea of morality, or conscience of right and wrong, secondly the idea of the confession of sin, and finally the idea of guilt and penance for sins. Conscience, then, as an issue of morality, is defined very clearly at the start of the play. a minister is the Lords man in the parish; a minister is not to be so lightly crossed and contradicted says Parris in Act One. Here it is established that theologically the minister, in this case, Parris , is supposed to be the ultimate decider of morality in Salem. The Church, in theocratic Massachusetts, defines conscience. Right and wrong is decided by authority, and the authority here is the Church. Law is based on the doctrines of the Church, and Salem is a theocracy. For good purposes, even high purposes, the people of Salem developed a theocracy, a combine of state and religious power whose function was to keep the community together, and to prevent any kind of disunitybut all organization is and must be grounded on the idea of exclusion and prohibition, just as two objects cannot occupy the same space. Evidently the time came in New England when the repressions of order were heavier than seemed warranted by the dangers against which the order was organized.So firstly Salem was a place where the conscience of the people was strictly governed by the theocracy, and socially Salem was repressive. However, at the start of the book, we see that the people of Salem have already begun to strain under this strict idea of conscience, this repression. Abigail says to John, I look for John Proctor that took me from my sleep and put knowledge in my heart! I never knew what pretence Salem was, I never knew the lying lessons I was taught by all these Christia n women and their covenanted men! And now you bid me tear the light out of my eyes? I will not, I cannot! Like many others, Abigail is aware of the hypocrisy arising from the strict repression of theocratic Salem, and has begun to rebel against it in her own way. The girls dance in the woods and cast spells, something distinctly forbidden by theocratic law. This is why Abigail seizes the opportunity before her at the beginning of the play: she sees the witchhunt as a means for her to work herself around the conscience of the Church and all its restrictions, and instead establish her own idea of right and wrong. While the theocracy was established for the noble purpose of keeping the community together, the trials and the court that Abigail thus established was for the sole purpose of murdering Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail is not the only one guilty of using the witchhunt as a means to establish their own means, but others such as Putnam, who used the trials as a means to get land, sim ilarly were able overthrow the usual Salemrestrictivesocietymoralsuperiorityclass and establish their own conception of conscience. It suddenly became possible and patriotic and holy for a man to say that Martha Corey had come into his bedroom at night, and that, while his wife was sleeping at his side, Martha laid herself donw on his chest and nearly suffocated him. We see that a new conscience has evolved, stemming from the trials, and the balance began to turn toward greater individual freedom. The community of Salem has turned from a strict, repressive conscience to a conscience where personal gain and common vengeance writes the law. The Church has lost its power to the Court. Mr. Hale, so revered and listened to at the beginning of the play, has practically no weight in the courts of law. The crazy children are now jangling the keys of the kingdom.Here we must introduce the parallel plot of Johns affair with Abigail. John Proctor has had an affair with Abigail Williams. This h as an effect on his conscience. He is a sinner, a sinner not only against the moral fashion but against his own vision of decent conduct. Johns conscience troubles him throughout the play. It manifests itself in Johns relationships with people, and Elizabeth Proctor says to her husband, I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. I never thought you but a good man, John only somewhat bewildered. Here we see the idea of morality being reflected on a personal level, or, as Miller would put it, Johns conception of himself. He conceives himself as a sinner because of his raw deeds, his adultery. I may blush for my sin, he says to Elizabeth. His ideas of right and wrong are decided by his own vision of decent conduct. The witchhunt, then, establishes the idea of morality on a different level the Court. The Court, with its trials, is intent on ridding Salem of evil, inflicting its own morality upon the people. No uncorrupted man may fear this court, Mr. Hale! ex claims Judge Danforth, emphasizing the fact that the Court is seen as the scintilla of morality in Salem. Here the question of whether conscience is organic to the human being is raised. The Courts are there, in part, to provide this conscience, or morality, with the assumption that conscience is not part of the human being, and law is required to provide this conscience, to distinguish good and evil for the mindless human beings. .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 , .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .postImageUrl , .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 , .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124:hover , .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124:visited , .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124:active { border:0!important; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124:active , .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124 .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uce34bb4453ec06b60fa789b9b1920124:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Re-entry Student EssayAnd thus the Court required that all accused of witchcraft must either confess or hang. Here, conscience has been handed over to the state, the mores of the time, whereby the Courts take the place of God, and decide right and wrong. Confession as an act is important, because it establishes the confessor as a symbol of authority and power. The Court replaces God and has the power to condemn and judge. What happens when conscience is handed over to the state or the mores of the time is repression, and eventually tragedy. The witchhunts then became an opportunity for everyone to express publicly their guilt or sins under the cover of accusations against victims. Miller expressly states that these people had no ritual for the washing away of sinsand it has helped to discipline us as well as to breed hypocrisy among us. The confession of sins was, in the case of the Court, a way to wash away the guilt of the people, as well as a manifestation of hypocrisy in the Court as well as people in Salem. John Proctor, on the other hand, faced his own morality when he confessed his adulterous behavior to Elizabeth. At first he believes it is Elizabeth who is judging him, and is angered by this. But I wilted, and, like a Christian, I confessed. Confessed! Some dream I had must have mistaken you for God that day. His confessing to Elizabeth has put her in a state of power again, replacing God as a figure of morality and conscience, as conscience has been handed over to his wife. In actuality, it is John who judges himself, as put by Elizabeth Proctor. He is unable to escape his conscience after his act of adultery. Perhaps this is why John Proctor later refuses, along with Rebecca Nurse and others, to falsely admit to being in league with the Devil. Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them who hang! Rebecca Nurse echoes this sentiment when she says Why, it is a lie, it is a lie; how may I damn myself? I cannot, I cannot. They both understand that their conscience will never let them live a life of normalcy if they lie, especially John Proctor. It is ironic then that the idea of conscience as put forth by the Court is now directly opposite to the inner, the organic conscience that John Proctor feels. John Proctor seeks to serve his own conscience rather than that of the Court, and pays the penance: death. Is conscience an organic part of the human being? Elizabeth Proctor exclaims, fittingly, I am not your judge, I cannot be. John Proctor has paid the penance for rejecting the consc ience of the state, death, but he can perceive himself as a good and righteous person according to his own vision of decent conduct. The transition is complete. Whilst the witchhunt has destroyed the theocratic, absolutemorality conscience Salem once had, John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse and the others hanged have established their own conscience above the conscience of the courts, of the people of Salem. Do what you will. But let none be your judge. There be no higher judge under Heaven than Proctor is! They have achieved the ultimate individual freedom, and are judged by nobody but themselves. The power of theocracy in Massachusetts was broken. Miller establishes that conscience is indeed and organic part of the human being, and that for all intents and purposes the conscience that is organic to the human being, the same conscience present in John Proctor, Rebecca Nurse and the hanged, is ultimately the truest form of conscience, as compared to the rest of the characters who have confo rmed to the conscience of Salem and the courts, which is ultimately superficial, repressive, and results in hypocrisy. And thus he ends the play.

Wild Meat And The Bully Burgers Essays - Hawaiian Literature

Wild Meat and the Bully Burgers Wild Meat and the Bully Burgers Pages 3-82 In the beginning, Lovey and her best friend, Jerry, are watching the Shirley Temple movie before they go to church. They never get to see the end because they have to go and leave. They make up the endings and cry in the middle of the pastor's sermon. On Lovey's birthday, Jerry would make her a gift certificate from the toy store for $500. Lovey is very embarrassed to be speaking pidgin English. She doesn't tell anyone, not even Jerry, how she is ashamed of how she talks, looks, or even where she lives. Lovey secretly wants to be haole, but she knows that she can't. Everyone in her class has a very hard time speaking proper English, and the teacher yells at them for not being able too. Lovey has a hard time in math class and gets teased for being Japanese. It's as if the rest of the students expect her to be smart just because she is Japanese. Lovey is supposed to write her own obituary for her English class. It gets her thinking about death, and consequently she thinks about it all the time. Lovey dreams and fantasizes about being haole. She thinks up of the perfect house with all the trimmings. She wants to marry a haole so she can have a haole last name. Lovey makes haole friends so that she can sleep over their houses and eat their food. Her father says that she is crazy for wanting to be friends with haoles, and that she should stop. Lovey and her family do many things together. They sit on the back porch picking fleas off of their dogs, squeezes blackheads off of her mothers back, count all white cows, sing war songs, and pick macadamia nuts for extra money. A normal Sunday afternoon would be their Mother smoking Parliaments on the porch of their house, grumbling about white hairs, and Lovey picking fleas off of their dogs. Lovey and her sister, Calhoon, goes to their Aunt Helen's on Saturdays while their mother sews leis or cashiers at the Lei Stand for extra money. They watch the old crazy ladies stand behind the fence, muttering to themselves. Lovey wants to become pregnant just like her neighbor Katy is. She secretly dresses up and acts like she is pregnant. Her mother tells her that it is hard because there is a lot of pain that comes with labor. Lovey's mother gives her an at home perm. It's called a Toni Perm, and it gets messed up bad. Lovey comes out with an Afro, and Calhoon teases her about it and calls her an Oompah Loompah. Lovey is given rabbits to breed and take care off. She loves them very much, but one day the cages are torn open by wild dogs that kill all the rabbits. To make Lovey feel better, her father plays home movies, and Calhoon threatens to kill the dogs with their fathers gun. Calhoon never lies. She tells Lovey one day, while they are out hunting, not to shoot the Japanese blue pheasant or it will haunt her. Calhoon and her Father both have the ghost eye. They can see ghosts in their house and are drawn to them. Since Lovey killed the bird, she now is awakened by a ghost that bothers her in the middle of the night. Lovey's father bought a cow to raise so that they could kill it, and eat it. Calhoon and Lovey get to attached to it and name it Bully. One day, the kitchen smells of wild meat. Their father is cooking hamburgers. After the first bite, none of them can finish eating it. They realize that it is a Bully burger. Pages 85-116 Everyone at school tease Lovey and Jerry for being friends. No one understands what they are to each other. They do have many things in common and are the best of friends. Lovey and Jerry play Barbie together, and Jerry steals Barbie clothes from his rich cousin, Ingrid. Jerry's brother, Larry, goes into Lovey's room one day, and marks up the Barbie and cuts her hair. Lovey is devastated and they swear to get even. Halloween comes, and they go trick-or-treating at the rich peoples houses on Reed's Island. They give out real chocolate, and lots of candy. Jerry finds a bag full of marijuana in Larry's shoe box under his bed. He brings it over to Lovey's and they decide to roll it and sell it so that they can get money to

Free Essays on Freud And Ragtime

Throughout the novel Ragtime, Doctorow suggests that in Sigmund Freud’s visit to the United States he did not enjoy himself because of the differences between the United States and Vienna. With references of feminist women such as Emma Goldman in Ragtime, it can be determined that the real reason for Freud not enjoying the United States, was his views on women as being less than human, unable to think like men, born merely to breed and serve men(1933; New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933). American women were living different lives than the women of Vienna. Victorian culture, which was the culture of Freud’s life back in Vienna, gave women many reasons to envy men: the same conditions, in fact, that the American feminists in Ragtime, fought against. If a woman who was denied the freedom, the status, and the pleasures that men enjoyed wished that she could have these things, she might wish herself a man and see herself with that one thing which made men unequally different , the penis(1905; Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory, 1910.) Freudian psychology, had its emphasis on sexual freedom for a man who was living in a repressive society, such as the Victorian culture in which he was living. Women on the other hand, were seen as having penis envy to males and would never amount to much, which was drastically different from the women like Emma Goldman in Ragtime who were fighting for their freedom from the repressive male dominated society in which they were living. To Freud the American image of a woman was the lavish life of a women living in the twenties: wild and free hair, knees exposed, flaunting her new freedom to live alone in an apartment in the city, and drive a car. It was also acceptable for American women to drink, smoke, and to freely talk about their sexual adventures. This was against what Freud saw as the proper way for a women to conduct herself, and suggests that he did n... Free Essays on Freud And Ragtime Free Essays on Freud And Ragtime Throughout the novel Ragtime, Doctorow suggests that in Sigmund Freud’s visit to the United States he did not enjoy himself because of the differences between the United States and Vienna. With references of feminist women such as Emma Goldman in Ragtime, it can be determined that the real reason for Freud not enjoying the United States, was his views on women as being less than human, unable to think like men, born merely to breed and serve men(1933; New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 1933). American women were living different lives than the women of Vienna. Victorian culture, which was the culture of Freud’s life back in Vienna, gave women many reasons to envy men: the same conditions, in fact, that the American feminists in Ragtime, fought against. If a woman who was denied the freedom, the status, and the pleasures that men enjoyed wished that she could have these things, she might wish herself a man and see herself with that one thing which made men unequally different , the penis(1905; Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory, 1910.) Freudian psychology, had its emphasis on sexual freedom for a man who was living in a repressive society, such as the Victorian culture in which he was living. Women on the other hand, were seen as having penis envy to males and would never amount to much, which was drastically different from the women like Emma Goldman in Ragtime who were fighting for their freedom from the repressive male dominated society in which they were living. To Freud the American image of a woman was the lavish life of a women living in the twenties: wild and free hair, knees exposed, flaunting her new freedom to live alone in an apartment in the city, and drive a car. It was also acceptable for American women to drink, smoke, and to freely talk about their sexual adventures. This was against what Freud saw as the proper way for a women to conduct herself, and suggests that he did n...

Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent)

Average SAT Scores by State (Most Recent) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips More than a million students across the country take the SAT each year. So what do SAT scores by state look like? How do you stack up against other test takers in your state? Finally, what are some interesting state facts- for example, which state has the highest SAT score? The lowest SAT score? The highest rate of participation? It's the battle of the states, SAT edition. Find out your state's average SAT scores and other fun facts in this article! What Is the National Average SAT Score? Before we get into the SAT averages by state, let's quickly go over the SAT scoring system as well as what the overall average SAT score in the US currently is. As you probably know, the SAT is made up of three sections: Reading, Writing and Language (also just called Writing), and Math. The Math section is scored on a scale of 200-800, while the Reading and Writing sections are combined to give you a final Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) score on a scale of 200-800. By combining these two sections, we get atotal SAT score rangeof400-1600, with 1600 being a perfect score. Now that we've got this down, let's take a look the national average SAT score. In 2018, the College Board reported the following average SAT scores: Total: 1068 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW): 536 Math: 531 As you can see, the average scores for EBRW and Math are quite close. These then add up to get a total SAT average score that's around the halfway point of the total score range (400-1600). But what are the average SAT scores by state? Keep reading to learn some interesting trends and to see the notable top spots held by different states! State SAT Awards We'll start with the states that have won our "State SAT Awards." The categories for these are as follows: Highest SAT Score Highest SAT Score With Over 20% Participation Team Players (100% Participation) Lowest SAT Score Most Variation Between SAT Sections All data below comes from the College Board's 2018 SAT state reports. Highest Score: Minnesota (SAT Score: 1298) Minnesota takes the cake for highest average SAT score with 1298. This is 230 points higher than the national average! But wait- Minnesota also has lower test participation than 78% of the US at 4%. In other words, just 2,464 seniors took the test in 2018. Because more students in Minnesota take the ACT than they do the SAT, Minnesota's high average SAT score likely means that only the most prepared, ambitious high schoolers take the SAT. These students tend to score higher, effectively raising the state's average. But what if we look instead at states with a significant participation rate- that is, a state in which more than 20% of students take the SAT? The winner for that SAT award is ... Highest Score With Over 20% Participation: Arizona (SAT Score: 49, with 29% Participation) Great achievement here! With more than 20,000 students in the class of 2018 taking the SAT here, Arizona is truly outperforming the national average. Team Players (100% Participation): Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan In Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, and Michigan, every student took the SAT. This usually means that thesestates require all high school students to take the SATas part of normal high school testing. In addition, four other states- Illinois, Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island- as well as the District of Columbiaoffered the SAT statewide during the 2017-18 school year. But because the testwasn't mandatory for all students in these states for the entire school year, participation rates here are below 100%. The highest participation rate for non-mandatory testing goes to Florida, at 97%. Lowest Score: District of Columbia (SAT Score: 977) Unfortunately, the District of Columbia underperforms the national average by more than 90 points. Also ranking at the bottom are other states with statewide SAT testing (Delaware and Idaho) as well as West Virginia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. From the data, it's reasonable to conclude that statewide testing causes lower scores because it includes all seniors andnot just those planning to apply to college. The lowest SAT score for a non-mandatory state is 1014 in Florida. While Florida is only in the top 18% of the country as far as participation goes (97% participation rate), it's important to point out that this is still a huge number of students, as the population of Florida is so large. In 2018, 147,058 students took the SAT in Florida. This number is much higher than the number of test takers in other states with comparable SAT participation rates, such as Rhode Island (97% participation rate, 10,161 students) and New Hampshire (96% participation rate, 14,834 students). So even though only 97% of students took the SAT in Florida, there's still plenty of room for variation within these nearly 150,000 students' scores. Most Variation Between Sections: Florida (520 Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, 497 Math) With a participation rate of 97%, Florida also has the greatest difference between SAT section scores of all states. On average, Florida students score 29 points higher on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW) than they do on Math. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! List of All Average State SAT Scores Here are the most recent average SAT scores for all 50 statesas well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. Find your area below and see how your SAT score compares with your region's average! State Participation Rate EBRW Math Total Alabama 6% 595 571 66 Alaska 43% 562 544 06 Arizona 29% 577 572 49 Arkansas 5% 592 576 69 California 60% 540 536 1076 Colorado 100% 519 506 1025 Connecticut 100% 535 519 1053 Delaware 100% 505 492 998 District of Columbia 92% 497 480 977 Florida 97% 522 493 1014 Georgia 70% 542 522 1064 Hawaii 56% 550 549 1099 Idaho 100% 508 493 1001 Illinois 99% 513 506 1019 Indiana 67% 546 539 1086 Iowa 3% 634 632 1265 Kansas 4% 633 631 1265 Kentucky 4% 630 618 1248 Louisiana 4% 615 595 1210 Maine 99% 512 501 1013 Maryland 76% 545 535 1080 Massachusetts 80% 562 563 25 Michigan 100% 5 499 10 Minnesota 4% 643 655 1298 Mississippi 3% 630 606 1236 Missouri 4% 633 629 1262 Montana 10% 606 592 1229 Nebraska 3% 629 623 1252 Nevada 23% 574 566 40 New Hampshire 96% 535 528 1063 New Jersey 82% 547 547 1094 New Mexico 16% 552 540 1093 New York 79% 534 534 1068 North Carolina 52% 554 543 1098 North Dakota 2% 640 643 1283 Ohio 18% 552 547 1099 Oklahoma 8% 541 521 1062 Oregon 48% 564 553 17 Pennsylvania 70% 547 539 1086 Puerto Rico - 512 481 993 Rhode Island 97% 513 505 1018 South Carolina 55% 547 523 1070 South Dakota 3% 622 618 1241 Tennessee 6% 624 607 1231 Texas 66% 520 512 1032 Utah 4% 618 612 1230 Vermont 64% 565 554 20 Virgin Islands - 490 445 935 Virginia 68% 567 550 17 Washington 69% 543 538 1082 West Virginia 28% 513 486 999 Wisconsin 3% 641 653 1294 Wyoming 3% 633 635 1257 Source: The College Board What's Next? Confused about SAT scoring? Learn more about how the SAT is scored,and get tips onhow to figure out your SAT goal score based on the schools you're applying to. Wondering what it takes to get a perfect SAT score? I scored a perfect SAT scoreand wrote a detailed guide about what it takes here.Read this to learn all of my best strategies- and to get a 1600 on test day! If you liked this post, make sure youscroll up and subscribe on the right hand sideso you can stay up-to-date with our SAT/ACT articles! Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Final Project - Essay Example MCD has been steadily increasing its debt-equity ratio from the year 2007 through 2012. The following table represents the debt-equity ratio of the company for last 5 years. Year Dec. 2007 Dec. 2008 Dec. 2009 Dec. 2010 Dec. 2011 Debt-equity ratio, Source: ycharts.com 06087 0.7635 0.7538 0.8386 0.8687 EPS, Source: Nasdaq.com 1.98 3.76 4.11 4.58 5.27 Price per share, source: Key statistics 57.05 63.75 62.44 76.76 100.33 P/E, (by calculation) 30.22 16.42 15.47 16.75 19.03 It can be seen from the above table that as debt-equity ratio rises, earnings per share of the company also rises and so the market price per share of the company. Does this mean that the company should go on increasing debt to increase its earnings and thereby shareholder’s wealth? In fact, the trade-off theory ascertains that the optimal debt-equity ratio is 2:1(Optimal Capital Structure, 2012). In the same industry, the company such as AFC Industries has been found to have debt-equity ratio as high as 2.62 as on August, 2012 (Industry debt-equity ratio). High amount of debt is good during booming period but equally risky during downslide when revenues fall exponentially and the company may find difficult to pay interest towards its debt. That is the reason high leveraging is considered risky during recessionary period, however, in case of MCD, there is considerable scope to increase its debt-equity ratio to expand its business. MCD’s Cost of Capital can be given using Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) K = RF + b (KM - RF), where K is the cost of capital, RF denotes the risk-free return, b (beta) is the systematic risk of a stock relative to the market or index such as S&P. (KM - RF), denotes about the equity risk premium that market would like to earn over risk-free return in the long run (Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), 2012). Currently, risk free return RF can be taken as 1.5% which can be earned by investing in the long term treasury bonds. Beta b is measured as = 0.31 (y ahoo.com) (KM - RF) can be taken as 7 percent that anybody would like to earn over and above risk free return. Thus, the cost of capital = 1.5 + 0.31 (7.0) = 3.67% Higher debt-equity ratio would make more funds available to the company for business without raising any extra equity. Currently, the shareholder's equity is $14.04B and long term debt is $13.57B (as per data from second quarter 2012). This means that the company is operating at the debt-equity ratio of 13.75/14.04 = 0.98 When company operates at 2:1 (debt-equity) ratio means the company would have total debt available to them $28.08B. That means the company would have extra $14.25B funds available that can be deployed in the asset formation or expansion of the business without raising any extra capital from the shareholders. It is assumed that this extra capital adds to the business and thereby EPS of the company in the same proportion (while all other things remaining the same, of course!). Thus, extrapolating current E PS of 5.32 One can derive new EPS as 5.32 ? (3/1.98) = 8 Assuming the same P/E ratio of 19 that MCD had during the year 2011, we have New Market Price/share of the company, P = 19 ? 8 = 152 New Market Capitalization or Market Value = Number of shares ? market price/ share = 16,600 ? 152 = $38.35B Dividend Policy The company is in fast-food business and runs a large chain of

Retail Internationalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Retail Internationalisation - Essay Example Retailers like Marks & Spencer, Next, Arcadia, Debenhams, Asda, Tesco, Bhs, New Look and John Lewis are very famous in the UK for clothing retail internationalisation. This paper evaluates the leading factors behind the internationalisation of retailers in the UK from clothing perspective. It also provides the major reasons causing these retailers to move beyond the domestic market and seek opportunities internationally. Retailers around the work have been increasingly moving towards internationalisation in search of better business opportunities. This is ion particular on the rise among UK retailers that have moved towards foreign markets at a fast rate over the last few decades. Retail internationalisation is important for getting concept, sourcing and operational development. It further provides remarkable chances to grow and shine. Due to internationalisation, accumulation of information also takes place. It is very difficult to get all these facilities without moving outside (Akehurst and Alexander, 1996). There happen to be several factors that either push companies from domestic market or pull them towards internationalisation. These factors could be in the form of restrictive environment, saturated market and high competition in home market. Most importantly, the growth opportunities in the international market along with less intense competition and cultural proximity, greatly attract retai lers to new foreign markets. Companies go for retail internationalisation because of its advantages. The retailers that have gone for internationalisation and opened their branches or franchise or export in foreign countries gain several benefits. They learn a lot about the particular market, they build up their source and take the technological and other advantages to grow and survive in the market. One of the reasons behind a company to go overseas market is the unavailability of growth opportunities in the home market. (Treadgold, 2000) The companies limited to the domestic market do not advance in the business in the same manner as compared to those that tend to go abroad. Debenhams, one of the leading international clothing retailers in UK, has achieved potential growth over the last four years. The company went for internationalisation for growth and prosperity. The company had been facing difficulties in the hometown. It started to internationalise from 1990 and entered into the Middle East market and the n went to Malaysia and Hungary etc. during the period of internationalisation the company achieved remarkable success (Jones, 2003) Push factors influencing retail internationalisation are the facilities that are not available in the hometown. These factors may be cheaper labour, land or the opportunities, which are not available in the local markets. The other factors may be the market conditions i.e. regulatory environment, political and economic conditions etc. in which the survival of an organisation is difficult (Dawson, 1994). The firms doing business in the international market are mostly in search of place where the business could maximise its profits with minimum risk and investment. The motive behind different retailers to enter into various markets may be different, depending on the retailer and the market the business

Pro-social effects of the media Essay Example for Free

Pro-social effects of the media Essay One explanation of the pro-social effects of the media on behaviour comes from Banduras Social Learning Theory. Banduras research suggests that children learn through observing a behaviour, then later imitating it if the expectation of reward is high. For example the child needs to pay attention to a role model for example seeing a super hero, then there needs to be retention of the information into the LTM, reproduction, so the child imitates the same type of behaviour such as helping others, and finally the child needs to be motivated to imitate the behaviour such as, being the same gender. The process of social learning works in the same way for learning pro-social acts as seen on television as it does for learning anti-social acts (vicarious reinforcement). Unlike the depiction of anti-social acts, however, the depiction of pro-social acts (such as generosity or helping) is likely to be in accord with established social norms (e.g., the need to be helpful and generous to others). Assuming that these social norms have been internalised by the viewer, the imitation of these acts, therefore, is likely to be associated with the expectation of social reinforcement, and so the child is motivated to repeat these actions in their own life. Furthermore, Bandura would also suggest that the pro-social effects of the media derives from reciprocal determinism whereby people who watch programmes about helping people will make friends with people who watch similar TV programmes. A second explanation of how the media influences pro-social behaviour comes from research into developmental trends. Pro social behaviours have been shown to be contingent on the development of pro social skills, such as perspective taking, empathy and a high level or moral reasoning which continue to develop through adolescence, which increase with age (Eisenberg, 1990). E.g., research has shown that young children are less able to recognise the emotional state of others and are less sure of how to help. It has also been found that children have difficulty recognising and understanding pro-social messages, and may be less affected by pro social messages if these portrayals are more complex than the simple modelling of specific behaviour (Mares, 1996). One strength of media influences on pro social behaviour comes from further empirical support from Woodward (1999). In their study they found that US programmes for pre-school children had high levels of pro-social content: 77% of programmes surveyed contained at least one pro social lesson. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the influence media has on pro-social behaviour. A further strength of LST comes from further empirical support provided by Mares and Woodward (2001). They found from their research that children are most affected when they are able to see exact steps for positive behaviour, such as when someone donates tokens. This could be because they can remember concrete acts better than abstract ones. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of imitating pro-social behaviour. Furthermore, the explanations into the media effects on pro-social behaviour is that there are practical applications. For example, Johnston et al. Found that learning pro social behaviour was best when there were follow up discussions. For example, when Johnson showed students a TV programme in a classroom and accompanied by teacher-led discussions students were more willing to help. This suggests that using SLT of media can improve the quality of peoples lives who are anti-social. Finally, the research into media effects on pro-social behaviour is that it has high reliability. The reason for this is because the research is carried out in a laboratory study, where there is control over the IV and DV and most extraneous variables are reduced. This suggests that if the research was tested and re-tested then the same results would be achieved. However, one weakness of the SLT is that because the theory is based in research from the laboratory is it lacks ecological validity. Huston (1983) argues that some programmes foster only limited types of pro-social behaviour that do not really apply in real life. For the best effect stories need to depict ordinary everyday kindness and helping and, after the programme adults in the childrens life need to discuss the programme content with them and role model pro-social behaviour in the course of play. This suggests that the findings from this research could not be applied to real life situations. Another weakness of Johnstons research is that there is contradictory evidence provided by Rubenstein et al. (1982). They found that in a study of adolescents hospitalised for psychiatric problems, found that post-viewing discussion led to decreased altruism, possibly because the adolescents wanted to take up a view that was contrary to that held by adults. Moreover, the effects of media on pro-social behaviour is that it is reductionist. The reason for this is because other factors need to be involved, for example personality and temperament of the child and parents. This suggests that the research is oversimplistic when explaining helping behaviour. A final weakness is that the research is culturally specific. The reason for this because the majority of the research has been carried out in the USA and therefore the criteria of pro-social behaviour may be different to non-western societies. This suggests that the research cannot be generalised to the whole population.

The Joy Of Laughter :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Joy Of Laughter Laughter is defined by dictionary.com as "the act of expressing certain emotions, especially mirth or delight, by a series of spontaneous, usually unarticulated sounds often accompanied by corresponding facial and bodily movements."(1) A thesaurus offers immense amounts of synonyms for the word "laugh", including giggle, cackle, chortle, snort, chuckle, crow, howl, snicker, snigger, convulse, titter, and the list goes on.(2) There are many words to describe laughter because it is such an integral part of our lives. The question of why we laugh may first be answered by looking at laughter in the purely physiological sense, which has been studied as gelotology. Then we can look at the effects of laughter, not just physically, but mentally and socially as well. After going over the oft-overlooked background of laughter, we can delve into the motivations behind our laughter. The actual flow of physical effects in the brain after hearing a joke are as follows. First, the left side of the cortex analyzes the words and structure of the joke. Then the brain's large frontal lobe becomes very active. This part of the brain has a lot to do with social emotional responses. After this, the right hemisphere of the cortex helps with comprehension of the joke. Then stimulation of the motor sections occurred, producing the physical responses of laughter.(3) The production of laughter is also highly involved with certain parts of the brain. For example, the central cortex has been found to have a negative electrical wave as a person laughs. The hypothalamus, part of the central cortex, has been found to be a main contributor to the production of loud, uncontrollable laughter. The combination of the set of gestures and production of sound is what makes up laughter. The actual muscles that create a smile are fifteen facial muscles which contract and stimulate the zygomatic major muscle, which basically lifts your upper lip. When the epiglottis half-close the larynx, the respiratory system is upset which causes air intake to occur irregularly, making you gasp. (3) In extreme circumstances, the tear ducts are activated, so that while the mouth is opening and closing and the struggle for oxygen intake continues, the face becomes moist and often red. Laughs can range in sound from virtually silent to noisy guffaws. The overall physical effects of laughter are that laughter stimulates the immune system. The experience of laughter lowers serum cortisol levels.

Jennie Dixianna

She subconsciously shows true personality when she performs her ammos act, â€Å"The Spin of Death†. Jennie Dolan uses her act to tell us a story about her past and how she connects her feelings with her performances. Jennie Dixieland' act starts when she ascends the rope to get to the top of the hippodrome, similarly this process shows that from a young age she has had a hard time relating with others in society due to the psychological scaring done from past events. First, she climbed a rope, which slithered snake like between and around her legs as she rose Ever since her mother bled out while giving birth ND passed away it has been a struggle for Jennie to accept it so she just tries to put it in the back of her mind and distract herself from the haunting scene of her mother dying. The rope symbolizes as a snake which slithers between and around her legs. Furthermore, this portion of the act indicates the beginning of the endless raping done by her father after her mother passed away.As a result, she had to adjust to the way things were which was a lot for a 6 year old child. Similarly, â€Å"Jennie became a walking phantom, the living receptacle of unlived lives† (33). This example illustrates' how hard it was for her to deal with the hardships of living in the real world with nobody to help her with her problems. In addition, Jennie Dishpan's classic act of, â€Å"The Spin Of Death† relates to her emotions connecting with her past since she has no other escape from reality so her performance helps her feel comfortable as she reminisces of her mother and great times In her life as she reaches the top.Similarly, â€Å"At the top, she fastened a small loop tightly around her wrist, held the rope at arms length, and posed In graceful relief' (28). Jennie Dishpan's achievements are a milestone because it just goes to show how strong she is spiritually and physically. The petite size allows her to daintily climb the ropes like if it was na tural for her to do however a man or woman bigger and stronger than her probably couldn't do what she does in her act. The tight rope around her wrist could be related to the strong connection she felt with her mother which allowed her to feel safe.Even though she Is suspended above the center of the circus she appears relaxed as she gracefully poses for everyone to see. Meanwhile she's posing everyone in the audience gasps and cheers her on consequently making her feel confident about her abilities and helps her escape from the problems of her past. It also signifies how she felt when her mother was around which was strong and happy. Furthermore, Jennie Atlanta's finale portrays the most dangerous side that can she swings so fast she has to dislocate her shoulder with every spin.Even though this act can be dangerous she has the will power to show she can do whatever it takes to make it in life even if it means risking her own life. Likewise, â€Å"The finale of her act was a serie s of full swings high above the hippodrome. † (28). She takes a lot of pride in being the high flying Jennie Dixieland so she takes all she has in her to do this act. Every time she collects all her efforts to support herself and reminisce in her most favorite of times while she performs her dangerous feat. As the ringmaster announced, â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen!High above the center ring, miss Jennie Dixieland will now perform her famous SPIN OF DEATH! Tonight, she will attempt to break her cord of fifty turns, powered only by the strength of her one dainty arm. Count along with me as Jennie Dixieland tries to beat he own world record! † (28). The name alone refers to the dangers that come along with this stunt because in can certainly cause death if it goes wrong. But Jennie Dishpan's strong will and extreme confidence in herself allows her to perform and show relaxation when she reaches the top.In addition, the fact that she tries to beat her record every night indic ates her level of commitment to her act. Her routine baffles other fellow circus people, â€Å"feared that she would wear her flesh all the way down to the bone, and that one night, she'd fall from the sky, leaving nothing in the spotlight but her hand still clenching the rope. † (28). Even though, her peers doubt her abilities she pulls through and gives a great performance every time. Her determination to be the best at what she does shows due to the fact that her father and mother left a young age.She was left to fend for herself however she took everything she could and learned room it. At one point it shows, â€Å"Jennie was the man and woman of the house: cook, farmer, laundress, barterer. † (35). Certainly, this amount of responsibility can be a lot for a 6 year old to undertake as she's growing up and still dealing with other problems therefore it goes to show her personality is a product of having no childhood and Just working to keep herself alive. Born a fig hter she knows how to make money in any situation to survive. Subsequently, Jennie Dixieland has the power to do whatever it takes for her to survive.If it means that she has to barter or even if she has to risk her life to make a living whether she likes it or not she is willing to do it. She can do anything and is a very confident person because she learned how to take care of herself from a very young age. Although some of the past events she experienced such as her mothers and fathers death took a psychological toll on her she learned to put it behind her not completely accept it but Just throw it to the back of her mind. Jennie Dishpan's character has tremendous drive, strong, confident, and spontaneous, she will persevere.

Personality Profile Essay

In modern business, it is important to have a mindset of sustainability and environmentally friendly business practices. Two fundamental characteristics of an effective and sustainable leadership model are having the foresight of what the company is trying to attain and identifying the worth in the process and supplying the leadership to reach the companies goals. Leadership begins with trusting in the process, and adhering to the steps themselves. The single best way to achieve this is to lead by example. In this paper the author will explain how Marie Ziegler of John Deere help set the company on the path it follows today. Marie Ziegler has set the standard for John Deere and the employees of the company. As the vice president and treasurer for the John Deere Corporation it is within her responsibilities to ensure that the product that they are producing meets and exceeds the standards of the industry. All of John Deere’s products meet the Environmental Protection Agencies (EPA) off-highway equipment emission regulations as of 2011. The regulations set out to reduce the particulate matter in the atmosphere by 90% in addition to reducing oxides of nitrogen emissions by as much as 50% (John Deere, 2012). In one position or another Marie Ziegler has preformed various duties within John Deere since 1978. During this time Marie has grown to know the company and industry well and has helped the company to grow, remain profitable and become an industry leader. The decision to make sure that John Deere’s products met the EPA standards was just another stepping stone towards the goal of being an industry leader. The virtues of a good leader within an effective and sustainable business include vision, values, strategy and systems. Marie began with the vision to achieve a product that met the standard set forth by the EPA guidelines and pushed forward with that goal (Weitzman, H . 2010). Values, values include the practices and beliefs that the company uses to achieve success. These include people, people being the employees of John Deere who treat each other with respect which in turn promotes teamwork and the ability for the company to succeed and grow. Marie recognized that the  customers are the reason a company exists. As a good leader she understood that without customers, there is no need for the products that John Deere provides. The product and the service that any company provides is a direct reflection of the dedication of a company, its values and its employees. The conduct of a business from the president and CEO all the way down to the staff on the sales floor reflects a company’s values. Strategy is what a leader uses to develop a set of actions to follow that supports long term visions, values and objectives (Desjardins, 2007). Strategy is the crucial aspect for the integrated management system. There are key elements to developing the strategy that surrounds all the health, safety, and environmental considerations required to fulfill the strategic plan. Included within this are the planning process, setting targets and objectives, establishing and environmental policy that backs the vision of the company, contemplating which industry code of practices will be instituted, and defining the framework for communication. When these aspects are combined, they create an environmental policy that states a company’s base principals and projected intentions for environmental performance. Marie exhibits a take control type personality which is a strong leadership style. As an effective business leader she knows what needs to be done, she develops a plan and sets it in motion. When the EPA established new emissions standards Marie knew how to strategize a plan to implement the changes to John Deere’s production process in a timely manner. This meant that she had to clearly communicate the needed changes to her team of employees to enact the strategy that she developed. Communication is the key aspect to ensuring a plan is enacted properly, effectively and efficiently. One of Marie’s actions as a leader in sustainability was instilling a culture of sustainability amongst her employees by implementing sustainable practices and adhering to those policies herself in order to lead by example. In addition to leading by example she uses clear communication skills to communicate her needs to her employees to ensure her decisions as a leader are disseminated down the chain and that policies are understood by all employees and team members. Marie displays strong leadership skills and knows John Deere inside and out, she believes in the product they produce and this is an important aspect to being an effective leader in sustainability. With the leadership of Marie Ziegler John Deere can set  forth a standard that allows the company to be a leader in green sustainability. The author of this paper tries to uses general management strategies that promote sustainability within the work environment but finds that it can be difficult for an individual to do so considering the following. As an employee of EC3 International, the author’s duties are usually prescribed by test plans which leave little room to enact sustainable management methods of his own. However, the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of the Army (DoA) have been enacting environmental standards and practices that promote sustainability and are more environmentally friendly for many years now. The army has most recently switched its primary small caliber ammunition to more environmentally friendly ammunition in order to reduce the negative environmental effects on weapons ranges. Many years ago the DoA along with the Proving Grounds implemented a new policy of no longer indiscriminately firing depleted uranium (DU) tank rounds out on to ranges. The DoA mandated that all DU test rounds must be fired into a catch box that can be cleaned out and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. In summary as a leader in sustainability within a company it is crucial to lead by example. No manager or business leader can expect his or her employees to conduct themselves in a professional and responsible manner unless they practice what they preach. When a leader takes a shortcut employees take note and will feel that it is not a problem to do so because their leadership does it. Marie Ziegler is an excellent example of how to conduct oneself who wishes to become a leader in sustainability. References DESJARDINS, J. R. (2007). Business, Ethics, and the Environment. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Lomborg, B. (2008). Cool It. New York, NY: Vintage Books. John Deere, Products, (2012). Retrieved August 10, 2012 from http://www.deere.com/wps/dcom/en_US/corporate/our_company/citizenship/environmental_stewardship/products/products.page Weitzman, H. (2010, Nov 25). Deere counts cost of emission controls. Financial Times Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/811393069?accountid=458

Detailed statistics summary Essay

Detailed statistics summary Essay Detailed statistics summary Essay Topic 1 detailed statistics Global economy Global economic growth rate Recent - 2013 3.0% (Jan 2014, IMF) Forecast - 2014 3.7% (Jan 2014, IMF) GFC - 2009 –0.6% Average 2003-2008 5% Advanced economies growth rate Forecast 2013 1.3% (Jan 2014, IMF) Forecast 2014 2.2% (Jan 2014, IMF) GFC – 2009 –3.2% Trade World trade is 50 times its 1950 level (2011) GFC caused a 2% fall in world trade Financial flows More than 95% of foreign exchange transactions are estimated to be for speculation Investment & TNCs TNCs are believed to account for 10% of GWP FDI flows have risen by almost 100 times since 1970 despite falling since GFC (2010 $1.2tr 2970 $13b) Technology ICT trade is estimated to be worth $4tr (2011) Global labour markets However 3% of world’s population have migrated to work (World Bank, 2010) 60% of these to advanced economies International division of labour Whilst the iphone is assembled in China (3.6% of production costs) and only 6% of production costs are incurred in USA, Japan contributes 34%. GNI per capita PPP (World Bank 2012) Australia US$43,000 (Rank 11) China US$9,000 (Rank 92) Congo DR US$370 (Rank 180) Millenium Development Goals The global poverty rate at $1.25 a day fell in 2010 to less than half the 1990 rate. 700 million fewer people lived in conditions of extreme poverty in 2010 than in 1990. However, at the global level 1.2 billion people are still living in extreme poverty. Most of improvement is from China HDI (World Bank 2012) Australia 0.938 (Rank 2, 2012) China 0.699 (Rank 101) Congo DR 0.304 (Rank 186) China Economic growth Recent - 2013 7.7% (Jan 2014, IMF) Forecast - 2013 7.5% (Jan 2014, IMF) GFC - 2009 7% Fiscal stimulus resulted in recovery from GFC with 9–12% growth Ave. real GDP growth almost 11.6% for 3 decades (1990-2010_ Components of economic growth C: high household savings rate (38%) and low consumption (35%) I: FDI US$185.1b (2010) from US$3.5b (1990), $0 (1978) I: Investment 48% of GDP (2010) from 26% (1990) X: Trade 30% of GDP (2010) from 10% (1978) X/I: TNCs 54% of total exports X: 65% of growth in exports is from Western countries M: Average tariff rate 10% (2010) from 32% (1990) G: SOEs 29% of GDP (2002) from 50% (1990) AS: Agriculture 10% of GDP (2010) from 27% (1990) AS: Increase in agricultural output 61% 1974 to 1984 AS: Labour productivity growth 8.8%pa (2008-2010) HDI HDI 0.404 (1980) to 0.699 (2012) GNI per capita growth 8% for three decades (1990-2010) Life expectancy 73.5 (2011) from 67 (1980) Schooling 7.5yrs (2011) from 3.7yrs (1980) Healthcare spending approx 3% of GDP (Aus 6%) Education spending approx 2.5% of GDP (Aus 4.7%) Absolute poverty 60% (1990) to 13% (2008) Working poor 10% (2011) from approx 30% (2000) Inequality 10% increase since 1990 Gini coefficient 0.474 (2012) Unofficial estimates as high as 0.6 Environment China accounts for 23.5% of global CO2 emissions (Aus 1.3%) Emissions 7.2t/per capita (Aus 16t/per capita) Total cost to of environmental damage 8.9% of GDP Health costs of air and water pollution 4.3% of GDP Challenges IMF estimates 10 fold increase in GDP if State Owned Enterprises privatised and exposed to competition State owned banks dominate (98% of banks are SOEs) and 75% of lending is to SOEs High household savings rate (38%) and low consumption (35%) compared to advanced economies (Aus/USA 70%) Topic 2 detailed statistics Trade direction and composition Change in direction of exports Europe 1950s 62% of exports Asia 2012 almost 80% of exports Australia’s exports to China Current 25% of total exports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1984) 3.6% Australia’s imports from China Current 15% of total imports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1984) 1.3% Mining exports Current 65% of total exports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1981) 29% Agricultural exports Current 11% of total exports (2012, DFAT) Historical (1981) 38% Services exports (tourism & education) Current 17% Historical (1981) 17% Manufacturing imports

The Natural History of the Galapagos Islands

The Natural History of the Galapagos Islands The Natural History of the Galapagos Islands: The Galpagos Islands are a wonder of nature. Located off the coast of Ecuador, these remote islands have been called â€Å"evolution’s laboratory† because their remoteness, isolation from one another and different ecological zones have allowed plant and animal species to adapt and evolve undisturbed. The Galapagos Islands have a long and interesting natural history. The Birth of the Islands: The Galapagos Islands were created by volcanic activity deep in the Earths crust under the ocean. Like Hawaii, the Galapagos Islands were formed by what geologists call a hot spot. Basically, a hot spot is a place in the Earths core which is much hotter than usual. As the plates making up the Earths crust move over the hot spot, it essentially burns a hole in them, creating volcanoes. These volcanoes rise up out of the sea, forming islands: the lava stone they produce shapes the topography of the islands. The Galapagos Hot Spot: In Galapagos, the Earth’s crust is moving from west to east over the hot spot. Therefore, the islands that are furthest to the east, such as San Cristà ³bal, are the oldest: they were formed many thousands of years ago. Because these older islands are no longer over the hot spot, they are no longer volcanically active. Meanwhile, islands in the western part of the archipelago, such as Isabela and Fernandina, were created only recently, geologically speaking. They are still over the hot spot and still very active volcanically. As the islands move away from the hot spot, they tend to wear down and become smaller. Animals Arrive to Galapagos: The islands are home to many species of birds and reptiles but relatively few native insects and mammals. The reason for this is simple: it’s not easy for most animals to get there. Birds, of course, can fly there. Other Galapagos animals were washed there on vegetation rafts. For example, an iguana might fall into a river, cling to a fallen branch and get swept out to sea, arriving to the islands after days or weeks. Surviving at sea for such a long time is easier for a reptile than it is for a mammal. For this reason, the large herbivores on the islands are reptiles like tortoises and iguanas, not mammals like goats and horses. Animals Evolve: Over the course of thousands of years, animals will change to fit their environment and adapt to any existing â€Å"vacancy† in a particular ecological zone. Take the famous Darwin’s finches of Galapagos. Long ago, a single finch found its way to Galapagos, where it laid eggs which would eventually hatch into a small finch colony. Over the years, fourteen different sub-species of finch have evolved there. Some of them hop on the ground and eat seeds, some stay in trees and eat insects. The finches changed to fit in where there was not already some other animal or bird eating the available food or using the available nesting sites. Arrival of Humans: The arrival of humans to the Galapagos Islands shattered the delicate ecological balance that had reigned there for ages. The islands were first discovered in 1535 but for a long time they were ignored. In the 1800s, the Ecuadorian government began settling the islands. When Charles Darwin made his famous visit to Galapagos in 1835, there was already a penal colony there. Humans were very destructive in Galapagos, mostly because of predation of Galapagos species and introduction of new species. During the nineteenth century, whaling ships and pirates took tortoises for food, wiping out the Floreana Island subspecies completely and pushing others to the brink of extinction. Introduced Species: The worst damage done by humans was the introduction of new species into Galapagos. Some animals, such as goats, were released intentionally onto the islands. Others, such as rats, were brought by man unknowingly. Dozens of animal species previously unknown in the islands were suddenly turned loose there with disastrous results. Cats and dogs eat birds, iguanas and baby tortoises. Goats can strip an area clean of vegetation, leaving no food for other animals. Plants brought for food, such as the blackberry, muscled out native species. Introduced species constitute one of the gravest dangers for the Galapagos ecosystems. Other Human Problems: Introducing animals was not the only damage humans have done to Galapagos. Boats, cars and homes cause pollution, further damaging the environment. Fishing is supposedly controlled in the islands, but many make their living by illicitly fishing for sharks, sea cucumbers and lobsters out of season or beyond catch limits: this illegal activity had a great negative impact on the marine ecosystem. Roads, boats and airplanes disturb mating grounds. Solving Galapagos’ Natural Problems: The park rangers and staff of the Charles Darwin Research Station have been working for years to reverse the effects of human impact on Galapagos, and they’ve been seeing results. Feral goats, once a major problem, have been eliminated from several islands. The numbers of wild cats, dogs and pigs are also declining. The National Park has taken on the ambitious goal of eradicating introduced rats from the islands. Although activities like tourism and fishing are still taking their toll on the islands, optimists feel that the islands are in better shape than they have been for years. Source: Jackson, Michael H. Galapagos: a Natural History. Calgary: the Universityof Calgary Press, 1993.

Prohibition of Cigarette Manufacturing Term Paper

Prohibition of Cigarette Manufacturing - Term Paper Example â€Å"Awareness of and involvement with tobacco marketing were both significantly associated with being a smoker: for example, 30% (55/185) of smokers had received free gifts through coupons in cigarette packs, compared with 11% (21/199) of non-smokers (P

A Power Play for Howard in Many Acts Assignment

A Power Play for Howard in Many Acts - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that West Unseld, Bullet General Manager, was the very first to offer Juwan Howard a $78.4 million 7-year contract and commended him for his loyalty. The NBA Star felt his market value was higher. He valued loyalty and would feel sad about leaving Washington. But he was considering that a much better offer would be worth the sacrifice. Bill Brubaker and Mark Asher (1996) reported that Miami Heat NBA Team bid $100.8 million + other benefits for a 7-year contract â€Å"with luxury hotel suites and limousine service† to win over Juwan Howard. The entire Washington NBA enthusiasts needed to see the Bullets win. People saw that Juwan Howard could make that happen because of his height, shooting, rebound, and assist averages, and his attitude of being polite, soft-spoken, and charitable. However, his cash compensation from the viewpoint of the team’s General Manager was not satisfactory considering that he had been receiving better offers. Grant Hill of Detroit, Alonzo Mourning of Miami Heat, and Patrick Ewing of New York Knicks were inviting him to join their teams. So he tried asking for a much higher compensation. Such problems can be identified in this case: Taking the point of view of Miami Heat, how can Juwan Howard be convinced to take a stand for his decision to sign the first contract and be supportive for the arbitration contesting the results of bidding? (How can the basketball fans of the Bullets be satisfied with whatever will be the decision of Juwan Howard? How can the NBA League officials and the Union appease all parties of the negotiation, including the fans? How can Juwan Howard achieve his goal to get what he believes to be the market value of his basketball skills?

Exploring the Bible Test #2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exploring the Bible Test #2 - Assignment Example He tells us what he sees and what happens to him describing it as special. The events dazzled him evidently. However, the vision affects him saddening him because he cannot tell the people of what God is saying because he has spoken awful things. However the major thing is that God assures Isaiah that he has covered his sins and that is the whole element of the book that all men are sinners but that He will pay the costs of their sins through Christ Jesus his son. After God forgives us and covers us we are able to hear him just like Isaiah who thereafter offered himself as a servant. They have a choice to trust God or trust nations – either choice reflects whom they will serve. In Chapters 40-55, â€Å"Vocation of Servant hood is outlined.† The first nine chapters try to remind Israel of its calling and give the motivation to trust God and following nine chapters detail how Israel can become a servant. Explicit examples of servant hood are seen in Isaiah answering the call to be God’s prophet and Hezekiah who lives out the tension of Israel and still serve God first. He is not concerned with his nation’s survival; first he is more concerned on how its actions have provided the means by which God’s name has been brought to contempt. Thus, he knows 1God is aware of everything; 2God establishes the limits of our trials; 3 we should seek growth and not justification; 4there are many ‘whys’ that we will never understand; 5 trust in the face of anguish; 6 rewards the good and the bad; 7 when we learn what God is teaching us we grow and emerge victorious. Conventional wisdom refers to those opinions or judgments about a particular matter that are generally accepted by everyone while speculative wisdom like found in job incorporates issues such as the significance of life and God’s relationship with man . Proverbial wisdom on the other hand, gives account to short sayings which state rules for living and welfare. 1. Power difference

Emotional intelligence leadership

Emotional intelligence leadership Abstract It is apparent that implementation of emotional intelligence in organizations require the use of soft-skill tools that are beneficial for most organizations. The challenge of convincing an organization to commit to a particular method and to provide resources for this kind of development will be explored in this paper. The results indicate that true change in leadership skills requires in-depth experiential training and on going support. Emotional Intelligence Leadership Organizations have been thrust into a highly competitive environment that is in continuous states of change. Leaders need to begin building a learning organization that includes every person in every position. Leaders with a passionate inspiration will motivate their people by including them in the creation of the corporate vision. Empowered employees require a leader willing to devote time, effort, and energy to establish a core of shared values. Leaders that invest themselves, their resources as well as time are the foundation for building an emotionally intelligent organization. Promotion of emotional intelligence (EQ) requires a broad scope of soft-skills that leaders can use for the benefit of their organization. Foundations of Emotional Intelligence Emotional leadership is the spark that ignites a companys performance, creating a bonfire of success or a landscape of ashes (Goleman, Boyatzis Mckee, 2001). Goleman (1996) defines emotional intelligence as the capacity for recognizing ones feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in relationship with self and others. His framework includes four major branches that have grown from the seed of EQ: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management. Kreitner Kinicki (2010) affirm the first two are personal competencies and determines how we handle ourselves; the second two are social competencies and determine how we handle our relationships with others (p. 145). Daft (2005) defines emotional intelligence as the ability to recognize, comprehend and assimilate emotions in self and others and stresses that everyone has the ability to increase their EQ (p. 145). According to Daft, (2005) Managing emotions does not mean suppressing or denying them but understanding them and using that understanding to deal with situations productively (p. 146). Benefits of Emotional Intelligence Skills It is easy to understand the importance of emotional intelligence in regards to managing stress, increasing motivation, and productive conflict resolution, as these have been linked to improved overall organizational effectiveness (Daft, 2005). Individuals and organizations that can learn to operate in emotionally intelligent ways will remain vital and dynamic in todays competitive marketplace. Leaders with high levels of EQ are able to instill unity and create high performance teams that are cohesive in their work efforts. In todays fast paced, static environment, organizations that introduce and implement EQ are able to create sustainable changes in an established corporate culture and build a new culture of shared responsibility with a united purpose (Daft, 2005). Emotional intelligence is exactly what the name implies. The basis of an emotionally competent leader is one with an inspiring vision for change with increased adaptability. The emotional stability of a leader can affect the whole organization by being a positive role model that is able to motivate and inspires others by their empathetic abilities (Daft, 2005). Golemans research, over several years with diverse types of organizations has shown the ability to predict high performance individuals and teams through soft skill competencies associated with EQ. Organizational training and development of EQ for leaders and managers have been shown to increase employee productivity, reduce apathy, and increase employee fulfillment, and job stability. The Process of Organizational Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence is not just managing emotions: it involves engaging emotional intelligence insights and tools combined with the potential of the current rational tools. The process for learning EQ follows a logical progression. First the organizations top leaders should be comfortable with using EQ competencies, such as self-awareness to build empathy, coach others, resolve conflict, and improve their political awareness and teamwork. Organizational leaders need a clear definition of the critical importance of EQ through conducting a detailed self-assessment of EQ competency skills for all staff members. This is not something that can be accomplished in a one-week seminar. It requires repeated application of basic competencies of EQ at home, work or social gatherings. This requires insight into leadership capacity and increasing organizational performance by benchmarking and strategically leveraging diversity (Druskat Wolff, 2001). Leaders and managers provide coaching or men toring support and should establish a 360-degree feedback for visible improvements, as well as a high return of the organizations initial investment that can improve corporate culture for a lifetime. It has been determined that consistent utilization of emotional intelligence encourages staff members towards intentional communication, in terms of people issues and individual response to change (Fariselli Ghini, 2005). Extensive research by Goleman, Boyatzis Mckee (2001) have shown that high levels of emotional intelligence, create organizational cultures where learning, trust, sharing of information, and healthy risk-taking increases on a consistent basis. Organizations that have committed to EQ change initiatives do benefit from frequent and random monitoring for talent retention, staff performance, and customer service with adjustments made as indicated. References Daft, R. L. (2008). The leadership experience (4th ed.). Cincinnati: South-Western. ISBN-13: 9780324539684. Druskat, V. U. Wolff, S. B. (2001, March). Building the emotional intelligence of groups. Weatherhead School of Management. Harvard Business Review; 81-90. Retrieved March 21, 2010 from http://nootropics.com/social-intelligence/emotionalgroup.html Fariselli, L. F. Ghini, M. (2005). Optimizing manufacturing reengineering with emotional intelligence: SAP, LEAN, and people at CIBA Specialty Chemical. Six Seconds. Bologna, Italy. Retrieved March 21, 2010 from http://www.eqtoday.com/modules.phname=Newsfile=articlesid=317 Goleman, D. (2000). Emotional intelligence: Issues in paradigm building. Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations. In Goleman, D. Cherniss, C. (eds.). The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass. Retrieved March 22, 2010 from http://www.eiconsortium.org/reprints/ei_issues_in_paradigm_building.html Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. Mckee, A. (2001, December). Primal leadership: The hidden driver of great performance. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved March 20, 2010 from http://hbr.org/2001/12/primal-leadership/ar/1 Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (2010). Organizational behavior (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 9780073530451

Essay --

The marketing environment has influenced the decision making of Dixons through the micro environment. This "consists of those organisations who either directly or indirectly influence an organisations operational performance" (Baines et al 2011) It consists of for example competitors. For Dixons in the uk they were influenced by "Best Buy" a retailer in the US, who is renowned for going the extra mile for their customers. They were going to open their first store in the uk in 2009, which would give Dixons even more competition in an already highly competitive market. This prompted Dixons to change their strategy to customers focused, as they knew with other firms offering service led businesses, they would fall behind. Best Buy delayed their launch until the first quarter of 2010, this allowed Dixons time to get their strategy in place before best buy launched. This enabled Dixons to get ahead of the competition. By the time Best Buy did roll out their first store, it was not a ma jor success and they eventually closed all stores, exiting operations in the uk in 2011. Dixons was a... Essay -- The marketing environment has influenced the decision making of Dixons through the micro environment. This "consists of those organisations who either directly or indirectly influence an organisations operational performance" (Baines et al 2011) It consists of for example competitors. For Dixons in the uk they were influenced by "Best Buy" a retailer in the US, who is renowned for going the extra mile for their customers. They were going to open their first store in the uk in 2009, which would give Dixons even more competition in an already highly competitive market. This prompted Dixons to change their strategy to customers focused, as they knew with other firms offering service led businesses, they would fall behind. Best Buy delayed their launch until the first quarter of 2010, this allowed Dixons time to get their strategy in place before best buy launched. This enabled Dixons to get ahead of the competition. By the time Best Buy did roll out their first store, it was not a ma jor success and they eventually closed all stores, exiting operations in the uk in 2011. Dixons was a...

Effect of Art Essay

Traditionally, we have believed that art imitates life. The painter represents what he or she sees by producing a scene on a canvas. The sculptor does the same with bronze or stone. A photographer or film maker does it even more directly. A writer describes life in his or her books. This simple concept is known as mimesis. But some have questioned the one-way nature of mimesis by arguing that art also changes the way we view the world, and in fact, life sometimes imitates art rather than the other way around. The person who first articulated this belief effectively was Oscar Wilde. Speaking about the foggy conditions in London in the late 19th century, he wrote that the way we perceive them changed because of art. Referring to the â€Å"wonderful brown fogs that come creeping down our streets, blurring the gas lamps and turning houses into shadows† he argued that â€Å"poets and painters have taught [people] the loveliness of such effects†. According to Wilde, â€Å"They did not exist till Art had invented them.† And you don’t have to look too far to see anti-mimesis in our lives. To what extent is our outlook on life altered by ideas we read in books? The portrayal of people in films? The styles we see in fashion photography? One great example of this is the TV series The Sopranos, and how it affected both the Mafia in the USA and the FBI. Art’s influence on society: propaganda and censorship Throughout history, it has always been the case that art has the power to change society, especially when new media are used to express an idea. During the First World War, for example, movie cameras were used for the first time to record trench warfare – when the film was shown in cinemas in Britain, audiences ran out screaming. This led to the government censoring further such use of such a powerful medium. And in government censorship, and use of art as propaganda, we see how seriously governments take the effect of art. All of the major dictators of the C20th understood the power of art to influence the population. In Nazi Germany, Hitler set up the Ministry of Propaganda and National Enlightenment. It was headed by Goebbels, who made sure that nothing was published, performed, or exhibited without his approval. When this happens, you know there isn’t going to be a happy ending. And what Goebbels approved, of course, only fit in with Nazi ideology and ideas. In terms of art, this meant no modern and abstract art, certainly nothing hostile to the regime, and nothing that featured images other than the stereotypical blonde-haired, blue eyed set in idyllic pastoral scenes of blissful happiness. In Stalinist Russia, there was also a keen understanding of the power of art. Art portrayed contented peasants, industrious workers, and Stalin himself. In fact, Stalin was shown god-like in many paintings, a phenomenon known as the Cult of Stalin. Just as in Germany, gigantic architectural projects expressed the power of the state. However, there is no doubt that in Russia there were greater artistic achievements than in Nazi Germany. Composers worked with fewer hindrances – as seen in the works by Prokoviev and Shostakovich, and film-makers such as Eisenstein emerged. Art’s influence on society: the trial of Lady Chatterley’s Lover But even under less oppressive governments, the artistic expression of certain ideas can be subject to control. One great example is the book ‘Lady Chatterley’s Lover’ by DH Lawrence, which was deemed offensive on many levels. In this book, Constance Reid, a woman from a progressive liberal middle class family marries a minor member of the aristocracy, Lord Clifford Chatterley, and takes the title ‘Lady Chatterley’. But her husband is injured in the First World War, confined to a wheelchair, and left impotent. Despite this, he becomes a successful writer and businessman. It is more his obsession with financial success and fame rather than any physical difficulties which come between him and his wife, and she begins an affair with their gamekeeper, Oliver Mellors. The largely aristocratic ‘establishment’ of Britain at the time – the book was published in Italy in 1928 – were shocked by many aspects of the book. First, there was the fact that the book was ‘obscene’, in the way it went into explicit detail the affair that took place (see below). Second, there was the fact that a women was breaking her marriage vows, something considered far worse than a man behaving in the same way. Finally, it represented an intimate relationship between a member of the ‘lower’ classes (although it emerges during the story that Mellors is actually well-educated, and became an officer in the army during the First World War) and the ‘upper’ classes, a concept that was totally taboo in Britain at that time. The book was duly banned. But the book was republished by Penguin books in 1960. The attorney general, Reginald Manningham-Buller (dubbed ‘Bullying-Manners’ by the journalist and author Bernard Levin) had to read only four chapters to decide to prosecute Penguin books for publishing it. What annoyed him was not just the content, but the fact that the price of the book meant it was affordable to women and members of the lower classes (remember that only few women worked at this time, and husbands were generally in charge of family finances). The trial was a disaster for Manningham-Buller and the prosecution. They had failed to find any experts to support their case, in stark contrast to Penguin’s defence team, which had brought in authors, journalists, academics, and even members of the clergy to defend the book. Manningham-Buller and his team had very little idea of what Lawrence had been trying to express in his book, regularly being caught out by the superior insight of the witnesses they were trying to catch out. And although they tried to shock the jury – in his opening speech, Manningham-Buller announced: â€Å"The word ‘fuck’ or ‘fucking’ appears no less than 30 times . . . ‘Cunt’ 14 times; ‘balls’ 13 times; ‘shit’ and ‘arse’ six times apiece; ‘cock’ four times; ‘piss’ three times, and so on.† – they were unable to prove that the book would have a negative influence on the readers it was aimed at. According to the Guardian: No other jury verdict in British history has had such a deep social impact. Over the next three months Penguin sold 3m copies of the book – an example of what many years later was described as â€Å"the Spycatcher effect†, by which the attempt to suppress a book through unsuccessful litigation serves only to promote huge sales. The jury – that iconic representative of democratic society – had given its imprimatur to ending the taboo on sexual discussion in art and entertainment. Within a few years the stifling censorship of the theatre by the lord chamberlain had been abolished, and a gritty realism emerged in British cinema and drama. (Saturday Night and Sunday Morning came out at the same time as the unexpurgated Lady Chatterley, and very soon Peter Finch was commenting on Glenda Jackson’s â€Å"tired old tits† in Sunday Bloody Sunday and Ken Tynan said the first â€Å"fuck† on the BBC.) Homosexuality was decriminalised, abortions were available on reasonable demand, and in order to obtain a divorce it was unnecessary to prove that a spouse had committed the â€Å"matrimonial crime† of adultery. Judges no longer put on black caps to sentence prisoners to hang by the neck until dead. Can we say, though, that it was art in this case that changed society, or was it an interaction between human sciences (ie, the law) and the arts (the book) that led to change? This is from the same Guardian article: †¦the message of Lady Chatterley’s Lover, half a century after the trial, is that literature in itself does no harm at all. The damage that gets attributed to books – and to plays and movies and cartoons – is caused by the actions of people who try to suppress them.